گذشته ساده در زبان انگلیسی (Simple past)
زمان گذشته ساده در زبان انگلیسی نشان دهنده رخدادی است که در گذشته و به صورت کامل در یک زمان مشخص اتفاق افتاده است. رویداد گذشته ساده در گذشته شروع و در همان گذشته تمام شده است.
ساختار گذشته ساده
افعال در گذشته ساده به شکل باقاعده و بی قاعده بکار گرفته می شوند. افعال باقاعده بوسیله اضافه کردن –d و –ed به آخر شکل اصلی فعل شکل می گیرند و افعال بی قاعده به شکل های مختلف تشکیل می شوند.
به مثالهای زیر توجه کنید:
افعال باقاعده:
Tom watched TV last night. (watch > watched)
I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a department store.
They invited us to their party, but we decided not to go.
The police stopped me on my way home.
Laura passed her exam because she studied very hard.
افعال بی قاعده:
این افعال را باید موردی داخل متن حفظ کرد زیرا قاعده خاصی برای تولید آنها وجود ندارد.
I came to work late. (come > came)
Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
We saw Alice in town a few days ago.
I went to the cinema three times last week.
It was cold, so I shut the window.
****نکته****
دقت کنید اضافه شدن ed , d به فعل گهگاهی املای فعل را تغییر میدهد:
Study —– studied
Stop ——- stopped
شکل گذشته فعل To be
I am ———- I was
You are ————- You were
She/He/It ———— She/he/It was
We are ———- we were
They are ———– they were
مثال های زیر را بخوانید:
Emily was at the office this morning.
امیلی امروز صبح در اداره بود.
You were tired yesterday.
تو دیروز خسته بودی.
گذشته فعل have/has
گذشته این فعل برای همه ضمیرها had میباشد:
I/you/she/he/it/we/they —————had
سوالی کردن
برای سوال ساختن جمله های گذشته ساده از فعل کمکی did استفاده میکنیم. و فعل اصلی همیشه ساده می آید.
I enjoyed ——- Did you enjoy?
She saw ——– Did she see?
They went ——- Did they go?
I enjoyed the party? ——- Did you enjoy the party?
برای سوال ساختن با واژه های پرسشی wh مثل زمان حال ساده عمل میکنیم:
How many people did they invite to the wedding?
Where did he go?
What did you say?
***نکته***
خود فعل اصلی جمله میتواند do به معنی انجام دادن باشد:
What did you do at the weekend?
I didn’t do anything.
برای سوالی کردن افعال to be
I/she/he/It was ———— Was I/she/he/It?
They/you/we were ——- Were they/you/we?
دقت کنید وقتی فعل اصلی جمله was/were هست از did برای سوالی کردن استفاده نمیشود.
برای سوالی کردن فعل had
از did استفاده میکنیم و در جمله پرسشی had به have تبدیل میشود:
She had two brothers ——– how many brothers did she have?
I had a car ——– what did you have?
منفی کردن
برای منفی کردن به فعل کمکی did فقط کافیست not اضافه کنیم.
I did not/didn’t enjoy the party.
She did not/didn’t see.
They did not/didn’t go.
We did not/didn’t have
He did not/didn’t have
برای منفی کردن افعال to be
فقط کافیست به این افعال not اضاقه کنیم.
I was ——— I was not/ wasn’t
We were ——- we were not/ weren’t
کاربردهای گذشته ساده
1.واقعیت هایی که در گذشته همیشه درست بودند. اما فقط در گذشته. یعنی در حال حاضر دیگه درست نیستند:
I lived abroad for ten years.
She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.
2. اتفاقاتی که در گذشته فقط یکبار اتفاق افتادند:
I met my wife in 1983.
We went to Spain for our holidays.
They got home very late last night.
3.اگر بخواهیم راجع به روتین خود که در گذشته بوده صحبت کنیم، از زمان Past simple استفاده می کنیم:
When I was a boy, I walked a mile to school every day.
They always enjoyed visiting their friends.
We swam a lot while we were on holiday.
اگر سوال دیگری در این زمینه دارید در بخش نظرات با ما مطرح کنید.
